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We can all relate to the feeling of not wanting to go to school.  However, for children with school phobia, their anxiety about school goes far beyond the usual reluctance we鈥檙e all familiar with. If you鈥檙e wondering if your child is showing symptoms of school phobia, here are some pointers to help:

What is school phobia?

Children who are school phobic feel highly anxious about attending school and may try to avoid going as a way of managing. They might miss a few days of school a month, or may stop attending altogether. Their anxiety about school may be so intense that they become physically unwell.

School phobia is sometimes called 鈥榮chool refusal鈥�, but for children with school phobia, the problem is deeper than an unwillingness to do as they鈥檙e supposed to. To understand the phenomenon, it is more helpful to think in terms of the feeling (鈥榤y child is extremely anxious about going to school鈥�) rather than the behaviour (鈥榤y child is refusing to go to school鈥�). 

Avoiding school is a way for school-phobic children to protect themselves from something that feels scary and overwhelming. For some, the prospect of school may feel so threatening to their wellbeing that they avoid it altogether. Poor attendance might traditionally be understood as a behaviour to 鈥榝ix鈥�, but when a child is avoiding school due to mental health issues, warnings, consequences and sanctions are unlikely to help.

What does school phobia look like? 

The most prominent sign of school phobia is that a child stops attending school. However, there are other signs and symptoms to look out for, that may indicate a child is feeling highly anxious about school:

• Frequent complaints of stomach ache and headaches: your child may miss school due to frequent bouts of stomach ache, pains or dizziness that have no underlying medical cause. 
• Unusually tearful and emotional: your child may respond particularly emotionally to everyday situations, to an extent that goes beyond the mood swings and outbursts that are typical for their age.
• Emotional outbursts before or after school: some children with school phobia become emotional before school, or beg not to go. Others may mask how they feel whilst at school, only to come home and have an emotional meltdown that may feel like it has 鈥榗ome out of nowhere鈥�.
• Repetitive anxious thoughts: your child may worry compulsively about small details, such as whether they gave a correct answer in their homework, or whether they鈥檝e packed their bag with everything they need.
• Shutting down and withdrawing: your child may spend a lot of time in their room and show little interest in socialising or going out of the house.

Why do some children suffer from school phobia?

Understanding the reasons why your child is feeling fearful of school is one of the first steps to getting them the support they need. Reasons that children avoid school include:

• A mental health condition: conditions such as social anxiety, generalised anxiety disorder or depression can make the prospect of going to school terrifying. School phobia is also particularly common in children who experience significant separation anxiety.
• An unrecognised additional need: children may refuse to go to school if they have been trying to cope with a recognised learning difficulty or developmental disorder for a long time 
• School environment: avoiding school may be a way for children to protect themselves from bullying or a hostile school environment. Some children become reluctant to attend school after a traumatic incident in school, such as an assault.
• Home environment: children whose home life is turbulent and chaotic may become emotionally dysregulated easily and find school overwhelming 
• Life events: school phobia is more common in children who have experienced a difficult life event, such as a family break-up or parental ill-health. They may want to stay home out of a worry about what will happen if they鈥檙e not there.
  
  

How do I help my child?

Now that we understand more about school phobia, what can we do to help children who are struggling with it? 

1. Get support

Be proactive in looking for support early on. Understanding which issues have contributed towards your child鈥檚 school phobia will help you figure out where to look for help. If your child is struggling with anxiety or depression, they may want to speak to a counsellor.

If you think your child has significant social, emotional or health care needs, you can also make a request to the Local Authority for an Education Health Care Plan assessment. Alternatively, if home life has become overwhelming due to financial struggles, domestic abuse or mental illness, then you can ask your GP for a referral to 'Early Help', which is a Local Authority intervention.

2. Validate your child's feelings

If your child is able to open up about how they鈥檙e feeling, listen and acknowledge how they feel, without trying to downplay their experience. It can feel desperate to see your child missing day after day of school, but try not to exert pressure on them in the form of scare tactics (鈥榯he longer this goes on, the worse it鈥檚 going to be for you鈥�). This will likely feed into the negative thoughts they鈥檙e already having and may deepen their anxieties. 

Avoid: 鈥淚t鈥檚 not that bad鈥� or 鈥淵ou have so many things to feel lucky for!鈥�

Try: 鈥淚鈥檓 sorry things have been so tough for you鈥� or 鈥淲hat can I do that will help?鈥�

3. Work with the school

Keep in regular contact with their school and discuss what additional support they can provide to help your child. This may involve introducing your child to a pastoral worker or agreeing on a reduced timetable. Teachers may also be able to help identify triggers that contribute to your child鈥檚 anxiety.

4. Agree on coping strategies and boundaries

Find some coping strategies that your child is willing to try. They may find it helpful to keep a diary or to try mindfulness exercises or yoga. 

Agree on some boundaries so that days still have meaning and structure to them even if your child isn鈥檛 in school. If they have withdrawn and don't want to leave their room, take things one step at a time. Break down bigger goals into small chunks, such as getting out of bed, or having a shower. Consider each of these an achievement, rather than comparing it to what they 鈥榮hould鈥� have done that day.

5. Recognise your own feelings

It鈥檚 common for parents of children with school phobia to feel frustrated, guilty, or hopeless. You may veer from feeling anguished over your child鈥檚 difficulties to feeling angry that they can鈥檛 just 鈥榮ort themselves out鈥�. When things feel tough, consider talking to someone about how you feel, whether they鈥檙e a friend or counsellor. It鈥檚 important to try to separate your own feelings from your child鈥檚, and to find ways of managing your feelings so that they don鈥檛 impact your child鈥檚 emotional wellbeing.

Most of all, acknowledge that your consistent efforts and understanding are what will make the difference to them in the long run.  If you have concerns about your child's mental health, remember that professional support is available and seeking help early